A multidisciplinary research team of engineers at the University of California San Diego has developed a flexible screen-printed sensor that can be used to turn a pair of earbuds into a tool to record the electrical activity of the brain and levels of lactate in the body.
The sensors can communicate with the earbuds, which then wirelessly transmit the data gathered for further analysis. The data can be used for long-term health monitoring and to detect long-term neuro-degenerative conditions.
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The sensors are a lot less cumbersome than state-of-the-art devices currently used to sense the brain’s electrical activity and the body’s sweat secretions. They can be used in the real world during exercise, the researchers showed.
While in-ear sensing of several physiological parameters isn’t new, integrating sensing of brain and body signals in a single platform is. The breakthrough was made possible by the combined expertise of biomedical, chemical, electrical and nano-engineers.
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Data from an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures electrical activity in the brain, and a sensor that analyses sweat lactate, an organic acid the body produces during exercise and normal metabolic activity, can be combined for a variety of purposes. For example, they can be used to diagnose different types of seizures, including those caused by epilepsy. They can also be used for monitoring effort during physical exercise and monitoring levels of stress and focus.
The researchers validated the data collected during this proof-of-concept study against data obtained from commercially available dry contact EEG headsets and lactate-containing blood samples. The data the flexible sensors collected were just as effective.
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The researchers foresee a future in which neuroimaging and health-monitoring systems work with wearable sensors and mobile devices, such as phones, earbuds, watches and more to track brain activity and levels of many health-related metabolites throughout the day.
‘Being able to measure the dynamics of both brain cognitive activity and body metabolic state in one in-ear integrated device that doesn’t intrude on the comfort and mobility of the user opens up tremendous opportunities for advancing health and wellness of people of all ages, anytime and anywhere,’ said Gert Cauwenberghs, a professor in the Shu Chien Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering at UC San Diego.
The team felt that the ubiquitous wearing of earbuds translated to an untapped potential for gathering brain and body signals conveniently, both for wellness and health.
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‘Earbuds have been around for decades and in many ways were one of the first wearable devices on the market,’ said Patrick Mercier, a professor in the UC San Diego Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ‘This research takes important first steps to show that impactful data can be measured from the human body simply by augmenting the capabilities of earbuds that people already use on a daily basis. Since there are no major frictions to using this technology, we anticipate eventual wide-scale adoption.’
The ear has sweat glands and is close to the brain, said Yuchen Xu, a postdoctoral researcher in Cauwenberghs’s lab. ‘It’s a natural entry point – people are used to wearing earbuds,’ he said.
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‘One of the reasons why we were able to achieve this breakthrough was that we really thought about integration,’ said Ernesto De La Paz, a PhD alumnus from the research group of nanoengineering professor Joseph Wang. ‘We wanted to make the sensors as small as possible to collect tiny sweat samples. We also accounted for the irregular shape of the ear by integrating components that can bend.’
The first step in building the in-ear sensors was confirming that EEG and lactate data could be gathered in the ear. The researchers had to design smaller, more compact instruments to gather electrophysiological signals, such as EEG data, that would fit on an earbud. They also had to find a suitable material to collect sweat and sense lactate. After preliminary experiments on human subjects, the researchers determined that the best location to collect and record lactate data was the tragus, where sweat accumulates at the entrance of the ear. The team also knew from previous experience that to collect EEG data, high-performance physiological electrodes pointed toward the temporal lobe were required.
‘The primary technical challenge was not only fitting two sensors in the ear, which is a small space that varies from an individual to another, but also reliably acquiring signals from both EEG and lactate,’ said Yuchen Xu. ‘We also had to accommodate for earbuds integration and reduce crosstalk. That’s when we landed on the idea of a stamp-like stretchable sensor, which is a simple addition to the earbud itself, but has all the necessary functions we needed and gave us enough freedom for our designs.’
To make sure that the electrophysiological sensors had firm contact with the ear, researchers designed 3D, spring-loaded sensors that hold contact but can adjust as earbuds move. On the other hand, to improve sweat collection, researchers covered the electrochemical sensors with a see-through hydrogel film. ‘It’s sponge-like and hydrophilic,’ Yuchen Xu said. ‘It acts as a mechanical cushion between skin and sensors and also helps collect sweat.’
It’s difficult to avoid crosstalk between the two sensors given the limited space inside the ear. The researchers analysed a range of material selections and structural designs, and validated the feasibility of simultaneously recording EEG and lactate signals with two sensors separated by two millimetres.
‘The ear canal has been relatively underexplored within the wearable technology community,’ said Sheng Xu, a faculty member in the Jacobs School Department of NanoEngineering. ‘This work demonstrates the potential of continuous sensing to capture valuable physical and chemical signals from the ear canal, thereby paving the way for numerous exciting opportunities in the field of wearables.’
The research has been published in Nature Biomedical Engineering.