A new analysis of the deformation mechanisms that cause 3D-printed materials to fail under strain could help create future generations of stronger, lighter plastics, unlocking transformative benefits for industry.
The research, carried out by engineers in the UK and Italy, provides unprecedented insight into the delicate balance of structural factors at play in the design and construction of lattice materials – honeycomb-like cellular structures that combine light weight with impressive strength and energy-absorption capabilities.
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The team developed a design parameter called the ‘enhancement factor’, which provides a reliable way to predict how new lattice designs can be fine-tuned to minimise structural defects and maximise performance.
The team created new guidelines for 3D printing based on its findings, which they say could help material scientists develop robust new 3D-printed lattices with advanced properties.
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The engineers scrutinised the 3D printing process of a material called polyetherimide, or PEI, across four different lattice designs built at three different relative densities or wall thicknesses using a common printing process called fused filament fabrication. PEI is a sturdy thermoplastic that can be easily melted and reshaped, making it a useful, recyclable feedstock material for 3D printing.
The team subjected the materials to a series of stress tests, repeatedly flexing, pulling and compressing them until they broke. Using sophisticated micro-CT scans and thermal analysis of the materials after the tests, they found that low-density lattices, which contain more empty space than material (thin-walled honeycombs), tended to buckle and fold under pressure – an expected result.
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However, the higher-density lattices often broke along the lines where individual strands of printed PEI filament met each other – a weakness known as ‘interlayer damage’ that prevented the materials from absorbing as much energy as the team expected based on the cell wall thickness of the printed lattice material.
The team then used the data from the tests to develop computer models of the material, allowing them to run sophisticated virtual tests and explore how the materials would respond to real-world loadings without having to print new test materials each time. The results of this modelling showed that the ability of PEI lattice material to absorb energy was limited by defects introduced when more than two layers of plastic strands were laid next to each other. The best-performing lattices had cell walls no more than twice as thick as the width of the PEI strand.
The team’s enhancement factor tool, created based on their results and validated further with real-world experiments, helps predict how much removing defects from the manufacturing process helps improve the performance of any given lattice design. In the future, designers developing new lattice materials could use enhancement factor calculations to create the best possible structures.
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‘3D printing gives us remarkable control over how materials can be created and allows us to build structures difficult or impossible to produce in any other way,’ said Professor Shanmugam Kumar of the University of Glasgow’s James Watt School of Engineering. ‘However, the structures produced by additive manufacturing can be undermined by process-induced defects, which hold them back from achieving their full potential. What we set out to do with this research was to build a comprehensive picture of how those flaws are introduced and what steps we can take to account for them at every stage in the design process to produce optimum results.
‘We hope that our findings, and the guidelines we’ve developed, will lead to breakthrough new developments in materials produced by additive manufacturing,’ he continued. ‘Flawlessly produced lattice materials could open up new advances in road safety, where their ability to absorb impact could help create more crash-resistant cars, or in aerospace design, where their lightness could enable more fuel-efficient aircraft.’
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The research has been published in Advanced Materials Technologies.