A team of researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed a state-of-the-art technique – dubbed tension-driven CHARM3D – to fabricate three-dimensional, self-healing electronic circuits. This new technique enables the 3D printing of free-standing metallic structures without requiring support materials and external pressure.
Unlike traditional printed circuit boards, which are flat, 3D circuitry enables components to be stacked and integrated vertically – dramatically reducing the footprint required for devices.
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The research team used what’s known as Field’s metal to demonstrate how CHARM3D can fabricate a wide range of electronics, allowing for more compact designs in devices such as wearable sensors, wireless communication systems and electromagnetic metamaterials.
In healthcare, for instance, CHARM3D facilitates the development of contactless vital sign monitoring devices – enhancing patient comfort while enabling continuous monitoring. In signal sensing, it optimises the performance of 3D antennas, leading to improved communication systems, more accurate medical imaging and robust security applications.
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3D electronic circuits increasingly underpin modern electronics, from battery technology to robotics to sensors, enhancing their functionality while enabling further miniaturisation. For example, 3D architectures, with their large effective surface areas, improve battery capacity and enhance sensor sensitivity.
Direct ink writing (DIW), a promising 3D-printing technique currently used to fabricate 3D circuits, poses significant drawbacks. The crux lies in its use of composite inks, which have low electrical conductivity and entail support materials to aid in solidification after printing. The inks are also too viscous, limiting printing speed.
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Enter Field’s metal, a eutectic alloy of indium, bismuth and tin. Eutectic alloys melt and freeze at a single temperature lower than the melting points of their constituent metals – offering an attractive alternative material for 3D printing. With a low melting point of 62°C, a high electrical conductivity and low toxicity, Field’s metal, unlike composite inks, solidifies rapidly – a crucial characteristic that enables the printing process to eschew support materials and external pressure.
Leveraging the low melting point of Field’s metal, the CHARM3D technique exploits the tension between molten metal in a nozzle and the leading edge of the printed part, culminating in uniform, smooth microwire structures with adjustable widths of 100–300 microns, roughly the width of one to three strands of human hair. Critically, phenomena such as beading and uneven surfaces – characteristic of pressure-driven DIW – are also absent in CHARM3D.
Compared to conventional DIW, CHARM3D offers faster printing speeds of up to 100 millimetres per second and higher resolutions, offering greater level of detail and accuracy in circuit fabrication. CHARM3D forgoes post-treatment steps and enables the fabrication of complex free-standing 3D structures, such as vertical letters, cubic frameworks and scalable helixes. Moreover, these 3D architectures exhibit excellent structural retention with self-healing capabilities, meaning they can automatically recover from mechanical damage and are recyclable.
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‘By offering a faster and simpler approach to 3D metal printing as a solution for advanced electronic circuit manufacturing, CHARM3D holds immense promise for the industrial-scale production and widespread adoption of intricate 3D electronic circuits,’ said associate professor Benjamin Tee from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in the NUS College of Design and Engineering.
The researchers successfully printed a 3D circuit for wearable battery-free temperature sensors (pictured below) , antennas for wireless vital sign monitoring and metamaterials for electromagnetic wave manipulation – capturing the diversity of applications enabled by CHARM3D.
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Traditional hospital equipment such as electrocardiograms and pulse oximeters require skin contact, which can cause discomfort and risk infections. Through CHARM3D, contact-free sensors can be integrated into smart clothing and antennas, providing continuous, accurate health monitoring in hospitals, assisted-living facilities or home settings.
Furthermore, arrays of 3D antennas or electromagnetic metamaterial sensors – fabricated via CHARM3D – could optimise signal sensing and processing applications. This leads to improved signal-to-noise ratios and higher bandwidths. The technique opens up the possibility of creating specialised antennas for targeted communication, enabling more accurate medical imaging, such as microwave breast imaging for early tumour detection, and advanced security applications, such as detecting hidden devices or contraband emitting specific electromagnetic signatures.
The research team envisions that this technique can be extended to other types of metals and structural applications. The team is also looking for opportunities to commercialise this unique approach for metal printing.
The research has been published in Nature Electronics.